Linux Distributions

 

There are many different versions of Linux, known as distributions or distros. Some popular distros include Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, and CentOS. Each distro has its own set of default software packages, package managers, and user interfaces. Some distros are designed for specific purposes, such as Ubuntu Server for servers or Kali Linux for penetration testing.

 

 

Linux File System

 

The Linux file system is organized in a hierarchical structure, with the root directory (/) at the top. The most important directories are:

 

 / (root): The top-level directory

 /boot: Contains the Linux kernel and bootloader files

 /home: Contains user data and personal files

 /usr: Contains user programs and data

 /var: Contains variable data, such as log files and spool files

 

Linux Commands

 

Linux uses a command-line interface (CLI) to interact with the system. Some basic commands include:

 

cd: Change directory

ls: List files and directories

mkdir: Create a new directory

rm: Remove a file or directory

cp: Copy a file

mv: Move or rename a file

echo: Output text to the terminal

 

Linux Permissions

 

Linux has a powerful permission system that allows administrators to control access to files and directories. Users and groups can be assigned permissions, such as read, write, and execute, for each file or directory. Permissions can be changed using the chmod command.

 

Linux Shell

 

The Linux shell is the command-line interface that allows users to interact with the system. The most commonly used shell is the Bash shell. Other popular shells include Zsh (the Z shell), csh (the C shell) and ksh (the Korn shell). The shell provides a variety of features, such as command history, command editing, and scripting.

 

Linux Networking

 

Linux provides a powerful networking stack that allows users to connect to the internet, share files, and communicate with other devices. Some common networking tools include:

 

ifconfig: Configures network interfaces

ping: Tests network connectivity

ssh: Securely connects to remote systems

 

Linux Resources

 

There are many resources available for learning Linux, including online forums, documentation, and tutorials. Some popular resources include:

Linux.org: Provides documentation, tutorials, and forums

Ubuntu.com: Provides documentation and forums for Ubuntu users

Linux Essentials (PDF): A free e-book that covers Linux basics located here –  https://learning.lpi.org/pdfstore/LPI-Learning-Material-010-160-en.pdf

 

Linux is a powerful and flexible operating system that can be used for a variety of purposes. By mastering the basics of Linux, you can unlock the full potential of this operating system.